Affinity Health, a leading provider of high-quality health cover, reminds South Africans this October—Breast Cancer Awareness Month—of the importance of understanding how genetics and family history influence breast cancer risk.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women, with the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) estimating that 1 in 27 women is likely to be diagnosed in their lifetime. Family history plays a significant role in determining risk.

Family History vs Inherited Risk: What’s the Difference?

“Family history” means close relatives—typically first-degree (mother, sister, daughter)—have had breast cancer. This raises the risk: having one first-degree relative nearly doubles a woman’s risk; having two or more raises it even further. A father or brother with breast cancer also matters.

“Inherited risk” refers to harmful gene changes (mutations) passed from a parent, most famously BRCA1 and BRCA2. These substantially increase lifetime risks of breast and, for BRCA1/2, ovarian cancer. Men with BRCA2 also have increased breast cancer risk. If a mutation is suspected, genetic counselling and testing can clarify the risk and guide the next steps.

Understanding Your Risk

If breast cancer runs in your family, it doesn’t mean a diagnosis is inevitable. Instead, it serves as a reminder to be proactive. Risk can also be influenced as follows:

• Most breast cancers are diagnosed in women after the age of 50.
• Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55) can slightly increase risk.
• Obesity, alcohol, smoking, and inactivity can contribute.
• Past chest radiation treatments may increase susceptibility to infection.

Early Warning Signs

Breast cancer caught early has much better treatment outcomes. Be aware of the following changes in your breasts:

• A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm.
• Change in size, shape, or appearance.
• Skin dimpling or puckering.
• Nipple discharge (other than breast milk) or inversion.
• Redness or flaky skin around the nipple or breast.

Screening and Early Detection

For women with a family history, screening is strongly recommended. Talk to your doctor about:

• Mammograms: CANSA advises annual mammograms from age 40 (non-symptomatic screening). For 55+, every two years is acceptable, or continue annually by choice. High-risk women may need to start earlier.
• Ultrasound or MRI: Sometimes used alongside mammograms, especially for younger women or those with dense breast tissue.
• Genetic testing: BRCA1/BRCA2 testing can be lifesaving in families with strong histories of breast/ovarian cancer. It isn’t for everyone—seek professional genetic counselling first.

What You Can Do Now

Take charge of your health by discussing your personal risk with your doctor and staying up-to-date with recommended screenings. Support your wellbeing with healthy habits, such as staying active, eating a balanced diet, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding smoking—all of which can help lower your risk.

Final Thoughts

Having a family history of breast cancer doesn’t mean a diagnosis is inevitable. With knowledge, proactive screening, and preventative care, you can take meaningful steps to protect your health and peace of mind. Affinity Health is here to support you with access to screenings, expert guidance, and a trusted national network of healthcare providers, making it easier to stay in control of both prevention and care.

About Affinity Health

Affinity Health is South Africa’s leading health cover provider, offering you a range of options at affordable rates, including access to the widest national provider network. We understand the importance of having medical insurance that meets your needs, budget, and lifestyle. Our healthcare products are designed to protect you and your family when it matters the most. We strive to give our clients peace of mind and the highest standard of service. For more information, follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.